I begin by demonstrating the inadequacy of the idea that the aesthetic appreciation of nature should be understood as the appreciation of nature as if it were art. This leads to a consideration of three theses: from the aesthetic point of view natural items should be appreciated under concepts of the natural things or phenomena they are, what aesthetic properties a natural item really possesses is determined by the right categories of nature to experience the item as falling under, and (...) the natural world untouched by humanity is essentially aesthetically good. I indicate an unclarity in and identify difficulties facing . I distinguish various versions of , reject certain of these, and fault a number of arguments in support of . I conclude that the idea of the aesthetic value of a natural item is such that it endows the aesthetic appreciation of nature with a freedom and relativity denied to the appreciation of art and renders problematic. (shrink)

Lifelong learning is presented as a means for enabling individuals, organisations and nations to meet the challenges of an increasingly competitive world. It suggests an extension of opportunity,involving all adults, whatever their interests or experience. There is also, however, a strong sense of expectation, even compulsion, with emphasis given to vocational forms of study and participation.

The prelims comprise: Ethical Politics Political Dimensions of Virtue Conclusion Reference Further reading.

The influence of Greek sources on the Arab philosophers is both obvious and important. What is less clear is how the quality of the translations from which the philosophers worked affected their understanding of the points that the Greek writers were making. This article investigates one small but self-contained topic from within the field of translation literature, covering the translations of poetic quotations in the Rhetoric of Aristotle in its Arabic translation, together with an analysis of the types of mistakes (...) to be found there. In itself this is of no more than curiosity value, but an application of the lessons to be learnt here to a linguistic study of Arabic philosophical commentaries, and, by extension, to philosophical theory, will be of clear importance. (shrink)

Jean-Francois Pradeau, Plato and the City, Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2002. Hardback 0 85989 653 6 3 £45.00/US$75.00. Paperback 0 85989 654 4 £14.99/US$24.95. Thanassis Samaras, Plato on Democracy, New York: Peter Lang, 2002. Hardback 0 8204 5681 0. US$70.95.

Outre les millions de déplacés par la traite négrière, la violence inouïe de peuples amérindiens entièrement décimés, les équilibres écologiques écroulés et le rythme sanglant d’un esclavage multiséculaire, l’une des conséquences les plus importantes des colonisations européennes dans la Caraïbe demeure l’apparente disparition de récits. Cet article s’intéresse à la portée décoloniale d’une recherche et genèse de récits écologiques comme des traces de résistance à travers la littérature de cette région.

Echo chambers have received widespread attention in recent years, but there is no agreement over whether they are always epistemically bad for us. Some argue they’re inherently epistemically bad, whilst others claim they can be epistemically good. This paper has three aims. First, to bring together recent studies in this debate, taxonomizing different ways of thinking about the epistemic status of echo chambers. Second, to consider and reject several accounts of what makes echo chambers epistemically harmful or not, and then (...) offer an alternative account which builds on some features of existing accounts. In our view, echo chambers – even those that are truth-conducive – are always epistemically harmful because of their reasons-undermining features, e.g. the way that they impede the development of epistemic reasons which can answer and withstand challenges. This account captures important ideas behind several theories in the epistemology of echo chambers, but offers a richer explanation that does not suffer from their limitations. (shrink)

We must, therefore, make a study of mechanism; but some introduction is advisable, for cybernetics treats the subject from a new, and therefore unusual, ...

O objetivo do artigo é discutir a crítica de Philonenko (1981) aos conceitos sartrianos de “má-fé” e “liberdade”. Um dos pilares dessa crítica é a defesa da noção de “coerência do estilo”, elemento indispensável para resguardar a autenticidade tão prezada por Sartre, segundo Philonenko. Contudo, continua este último, ao afirmar “eu não sou jamais nenhuma de minhas condutas, nenhuma de minhas atitudes”, Sartre limita a liberdade por ele defendida ao horizonte de uma maliciosa dissimulação, quer dizer, da má-fé. Nós constatamos (...) três imprecisões nessa crítica. Em primeiro lugar, a citada afirmação de Sartre foi mal interpretada. Mas, em segundo, se essa interpretação está correta, supondo que o estilo seja indispensável à autenticidade, ainda assim a liberdade sartriana não pode ser “para o mal”, pois ela se caracteriza, em termos ontológicos, como o próprio ser da realidade humana “em situação”, e não em termos morais, como uma propriedade dessa realidade, cristalizada por um olhar atento sobre si ou sobre o outro, e julgada como boa ou má. Por fim, queremos concluir que, numa possível conduta autêntica, a derrocada da má-fé não apenas prescinde do amparo a uma coerência do estilo como também pressupõe o reconhecimento angustiante de sua gratuidade. (shrink)

ABSTRACT Starting from certain conceptions of Christian spirituality underlying the Foucauldian notion of “experience of the flesh”, our aim is to analyze whether, and to what extent, the Pauline notion of flesh is present in such conceptions and can be a fundamental element to understand this experience. If this notion is part of the tactics of introducing a type of salvation in imperfection, in the face of the perpetual threat of an evil whose actions and effects are manifested in the (...) same plane from which we can understand penitential discipline and monastic asceticism, it will have a strategic importance in our analysis. (shrink)

This paper provides examples of how a teacher and a principal construct their ‘ethical selves’. In doing so we demonstrate how Foucault's four-part ethical framework can be a scaffold with which to actively connect emotions to a personal ethical position. We argue that ethical work is and should be an ongoing and dynamic life long process rather than a more rigid adherence to a ‘code of ethics’ that may not meaningfully engage its adherents. We use Foucault's four-part framework of ethical (...) practice as a framework through which an ‘ethical self’ can be purposely constructed. This is important work, as those who have authority over others must know how to monitor themselves against the misuse of the power of their positions. (shrink)

This paper provides examples of how a teacher and a principal construct their ‘ethical selves’. In doing so we demonstrate how Foucault's four‐part ethical framework can be a scaffold with which to actively connect emotions to a personal ethical position. We argue that ethical work is and should be an ongoing and dynamic life long process rather than a more rigid adherence to a ‘code of ethics’ that may not meaningfully engage its adherents. We use Foucault's four‐part framework of ethical (...) practice as a framework through which an ‘ethical self’ can be purposely constructed. This is important work, as those who have authority over others must know how to monitor themselves against the misuse of the power of their positions. (shrink)

The Printing and Editing of Hobbes's De Corpore: A Review of Karl Schuhmann's Edition - ABSTRACT: In a careful and appreciative review of Karl Schuhmann’s edition of De corpore, Noel Malcolm points out some shortcomings stemming from what he takes to be a flaw in interpretive perspective, namely, the adoption of editorial standards and procedures better fitted for authors of the period of classical antiquity than for those of the early-modern period.

Nad barjem je veter in moker je zrak, uši imam v tuniki, v nosu prehlad. Z neba štropotajo nalivi dežja, vojak sem na zidu, ne vem sploh, zakaj. Po sivem kaménju se plazi megla, dekle imam v Tungriji, jaz pa spim sam.

Appearing in English for the first time, Schelling’s 1842 lectures develop the idea that many philosophical concepts are born of religious-mythological notions.

There are two alternative approaches to accommodating an agent-centered restriction against, say, φ-ing. One approach is to prohibit agents from ever φ-ing. For instance, there could be an absolute prohibition against breaking a promise. The other approach is to require agents both to adopt an end that can be achieved only by their not φ-ing and to give this end priority over that of minimizing overall instances of φ-ing. For instance, each agent could be required both to adopt the end (...) of minimizing their own promise-breakings and to give this end priority over that of minimizing promise-breakings overall. The former is what I’ll call the side-constraint approach, and the latter is what I’ll call the teleological approach. In this chapter, I argue that, when it comes to accommodating restrictions, we should (1) favor the teleological approach over the side-constraint approach, (2) favor an act-consequentialist approach over a non-consequentialist, teleological approach (such as Rossian pluralism), and (3) favor a Kantsequentialist approach over other act-consequentialist approaches, where Kantsequentialism is a version of act-consequentialism that holds that persons are ends-in-themselves who are inherently and unconditionally valuable and are, thus, owed our respect. (shrink)

Abstractabstract:Karl Marx’s acerbic observation in the opening lines of The Eighteenth Brumaire that “all facts and personages of great importance in world history occur the first time as tragedy, the second as farce” may be profitably applied to a reconsideration of literary farce sui generis, a genre represented in this article by a long-neglected work of utopian fiction, Archibald Marshall’s Upsidonia (1915). Although Upsidonia’s current disregard is arguably undeserved, the article’s chief interest is not to reclaim the novel on aesthetic (...) grounds but to illuminate the mechanics of what Marx would call its “serious buffoonery.” In its persistent reversal of capitalist principles and relations, Upsidonia naturally invites readers to revisit Marx, whose mordant gambit may serve as a key to Marshall’s own farcical plot and praxis, rooted in return and repetition, the essential maneuvers of farce itself. (shrink)

Thus, Meyers provides a valuable account, not only of current medical attitudes, but also of relevant case and statute law as it stands at present.

In this paper we elaborate on the question how to bridge the gap between contemporary (New) music and the tradition of the past, often called ‘classical’ music. First we analyze the notion of tradition (in classical music) as being distinct from traditional music, nationalism and traditionalism. A central role in this paper is dedicated to the role of counterpoint education following J.J. Fux’s Gradus ad Parnassum in the development of Central-European classical music between the late Renaissance and late Romantic periods. (...) The developments in the 20th century New Music reveal several important trend breaks. The controversies raised during the early Renaissance, regarding the practice of polyphonic singing, are discussed with respect to their impact on music development in later ages. From these controversies and the re-discovery of Nicholas de Cusa’s view on mysticism, the experience of the non-experience in polyphonic music is elucidated. Herewith, an illuminative heuristic is found in the enfolding-unfolding paradigm both in music and pictural arts, from the Renaissance till the present. (shrink)

Is it ethical to treat a death row inmate only to stabilize him or her for eventual execution? What happens when a military provider receives highly sensitive intelligence from a client?

In einem Brief nennt Adorno die "Negative Dialektik" kurz nach ihrem Erscheinen unter seinen Schriften "das philosophische Hauptwerk, wenn ich so sagen darf“. Dieser herausgehobenen Bedeutung, die das Werk für Adorno hatte, entspricht nicht nur die lange Zeit, die er mit der Abfassung des Buchs beschäftigt war, sondern auch die lange Geschichte, die ihre zentralen Motive in seinem Denken haben. Philosophische Begriffsklärung, die Arbeit an "Begriff und Kategorien“ einer negativen Dialektik, versteht Adorno dabei als dialektischen Übergang in inhaltliches Denken – (...) und so betreibt er sie auch hier. Das hat Konsequenzen für die Form des kooperativen Kommentars, der in diesem Band versucht wird. Adornos "Negative Dialektik" zu kommentieren, kann nur in dem Bewußtsein der unüberbrückbaren Kluft gelingen, die den Kommentar von diesem Text trennt. (shrink)